Jackson Lab researchers map the 190 million women affected by endometriosis pain

Researchers at The Jackson Laboratory in Farmington, Connecticut, have identified specific signaling mechanisms between neurons and immune cells that drive pain in endometriosis patients. The study provides a detailed biological map of the inflammatory response occurring outside the uterus. The findings were published in the journal Nature Communications. Caroline Haney, a postdoctoral associate at Jackson, led the work on the tissue analysis. She noted that current treatments often fail because they do not address the underlying biological interactions. The team aims to target these signaling pathways to create more effective therapeutic options.

The condition involves tissue similar to the uterine lining growing on other organs. This growth causes chronic inflammation and excruciating pain for many women. For the study, scientists examined tissue samples collected from Connecticut hospitals. These samples were provided through EndoRISE, a state-funded program established by a 2024 law. EndoRISE is the only U.S. state program that maintains a biorepository for endometriosis samples. It also supports education and advocacy efforts related to the disease.

Haney and her colleagues built three-dimensional models of sensory nerve tissue using human stem cells. They combined these models with cells taken directly from patient lesions. This method allowed the team to confirm the direct interaction between immune cells and nerves. Haney explained that the immune system creates a feedforward loop that keeps the tissue agitated. She said the research focuses on helping the immune system calm down to reduce this reactive cycle. The goal is to move beyond hormonal medications that do not work for many patients.

Dr. Hugh Taylor, chair of obstetrics and gynecology at Yale School of Medicine, highlighted the diagnostic challenges associated with the disease. He stated that diagnosis is typically delayed by about seven years. Many healthcare providers are unfamiliar with the condition, leading to missed early symptoms. Taylor noted that painful menstrual periods are often dismissed as normal cramps. Women are frequently told they simply cannot handle the pain. This delay allows the disease to progress, potentially leading to worsening pain and infertility.

Dr. Kate Pascucci, an OBGYN in West Hartford, added that societal attitudes have normalized menstrual discomfort. She argued that doctors need to move away from the assumption that severe pain is a standard part of menstruation. Pascucci said pain relief and quality of life should be central goals of care. She believes a better understanding of neural pathways will help identify new therapeutic targets. This knowledge may lead to more individualized approaches to pain management for patients.

The World Health Organization estimates that 10% of women of reproductive age worldwide are affected by endometriosis. This figure represents approximately 190 million people. The new research from Jackson Laboratory adds to the scientific understanding of this widespread condition. The team’s work clarifies the biological processes behind the pain signals. Haney said the team needed to understand the underlying biology to improve treatment options. The study marks a step toward distinguishing endometriosis pain from normal menstrual cramps.